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Peptide guides

How to read peptide lab reports, spot a fake, and make sense of what independent lab tests actually find. Written from the data, not from vendors.

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Peptide guidesWhat is FOXO4-DRI? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA modified peptide built to push senescent cells into cell death. Mouse studies since 2017 are striking, but no human trial exists that we could find. Here is the evidence, the open risks, and what independent lab reports show (nothing we can count yet).Sep 29, 2026
Peptide guidesWhat is Humanin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA small peptide made by mitochondria that protects cells from stress in lab experiments. Human data so far is about blood levels, not treatment. Here is the evidence, the open questions, and what independent lab reports show (nothing we can count yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is glutathione? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA three-amino-acid antioxidant made in every cell, now sold by mouth, by IV drip and as injectable vials. Human trials of supplementing it are small and mixed, and FDA has twice warned about contaminated compounded injectables. Here is the evidence, the risks, and what independent lab reports show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Pinealon? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA three-amino-acid peptide from the same research group as Epitalon, promoted for memory and brain ageing. The evidence is cell and rodent work from that one group, two small human reports, and a 2026 independent mouse preprint that found no significant effect. Here is how to read it, and what lab reports on vials show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is thymulin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA nine-amino-acid hormone that only works when it carries a zinc ion, made by the thymus and falling after adolescence. The treatment evidence is in mice and rats; the human record is mostly blood levels and one 1982 case series. Here is what is established, what is not, and what independent lab reports show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Adamax? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA compound sold as a variant of Semax that, as far as we can find, appears in no published study at all. Here is what we searched, what the parent compound's record does and does not tell you, and what three lab-tested vials showed.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is DSIP? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA nine-amino-acid peptide first isolated from rabbit blood in the 1970s and named for what it seemed to do to sleep. The small human trials disagree with each other, and its role in natural sleep has never been established. Here is what is known, what is not, and what independent lab reports show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Dihexa? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA lab-made fragment analogue designed to boost the brain's HGF/c-Met signalling and help synapses form. Every study of it is in animals or cells, the two papers that explained how it works have been retracted, and there are no human trials. Here is what is established and what is not.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is thymosin alpha-1? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA thymic peptide sold as a prescription drug in some countries and as a research vial elsewhere. Its best sepsis trial came back negative in 2025, its hepatitis B evidence is rated very low certainty, and an FDA advisory committee voted 17 to 4 against putting it on the compounding list. Here is the full picture.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide)? Aviptadil, COVID trials and the evidenceA body-made signalling peptide that relaxes blood vessels and calms inflammation in the lab. Aviptadil, its synthetic form, failed its big COVID-19 trial, was turned down for emergency authorization in the US according to its developer, and is approved only in a combination for erectile dysfunction in a few regions. Here is the evidence.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is larazotide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA short peptide built to keep the gut's tight junctions closed. Human trials in celiac disease gave mixed results, and its Phase 3 trial was halted after an interim analysis in June 2022. Here is the evidence, the risks, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is PEG-MGF? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA pegylated version of the E-domain of an IGF-1 splice variant, marketed for muscle repair. The muscle findings come from cells and animals, a two-company replication attempt found no effect, and no human study exists. Here is the evidence, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is GHRP-6? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA six-amino-acid peptide that triggers a big burst of growth hormone and, by design, acts on the same receptor as the hunger hormone ghrelin. The human data is small hormone and diagnostic studies from the 1990s and 2000s. Here is what is established, what is not, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is IGF-1 LR3? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA modified IGF-1 built to slip past the proteins that normally restrain it. It was designed as a research tool, the human effects are undescribed, and the animal studies point to low blood sugar and organ growth. Here is what is known, plus what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Gonadorelin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic copy of the hypothalamic hormone GnRH, approved in the US decades ago for diagnostic testing and for restoring ovulation, with both human products now discontinued. Here is the evidence, the gaps, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is HCG? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsHuman chorionic gonadotropin is a glycoprotein hormone, not a short peptide. FDA-approved products exist for fertility treatment, some forms of hypogonadism and cryptorchidism; the HCG diet has no support. Here is the evidence, the risks, and what one buyer's lab report shows.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Melanotan II? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA lab-made cousin of the hormone that controls skin pigment, sold online as a tanning injection and sexual stimulant. It was never approved anywhere we could find, the human studies are tiny and decades old, and the case reports are worth reading before you buy. Here is the full picture.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Melanotan I (Afamelanotide)? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic copy of the pigment-controlling hormone, and one of the few peptides in this series with an FDA label. The approved product is a clinician-placed implant for one rare condition, not a tanning drug. Here is how it differs from vials sold for tanning, and what the research shows.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Kisspeptin-10? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA short fragment of the hormone that tells the brain to start puberty and drive ovulation. Human trials show a big, brief LH surge, and some early work on IVF and sexual desire, but nothing establishes it as a treatment. Here is what the studies show, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Oxytocin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsThe hormone behind contractions and milk letdown is an approved hospital drug. The claim that a nasal spray improves trust, social skills or weight is a different story: the big trials came back negative. Here is what the evidence shows, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is survodutide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsBoehringer Ingelheim's glucagon and GLP-1 dual agonist has now reported Phase 3 results in obesity and fatty liver disease, but it is not approved anywhere we could find. Here is how strong the evidence is, what the side effects looked like, and what independent lab reports show about vials sold as survodutide.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Liraglutide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsLiraglutide is the first-generation GLP-1 receptor agonist from Novo Nordisk, approved as Victoza and Saxenda, with generic versions approved in the US since 2024. Here is what the trials found, where it falls short of semaglutide, and what we know about vials sold as research peptides.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is eloralintide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsEli Lilly's selective amylin agonist has one published Phase 2 trial, a Phase 3 program that started enrolling in late 2025, and no approval. Here is how much weight loss the trial showed, how the side effects looked, and what one buyer's lab report says about a vial sold as eloralintide.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is AOD-9604? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsAOD-9604 was built to copy the fat-burning part of growth hormone. The mouse and rat data looked good; the big human trial did not. Here is the full evidence picture, what FDA has said, and what a small set of independent lab reports shows, including two vials that had no peptide in them.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is 5-Amino-1MQ? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA quinolinium-based enzyme inhibitor that shrank fat mass in obese mice and has no published human data. Here's what's been shown, in which species, plus what independent lab tests find in vials sold as 5-Amino-1MQ.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat are KLOW and GLOW? The peptide blends explainedTwo market nicknames for multi-peptide vials. Each ingredient has its own evidence story, but nobody has studied the combinations, and a blend makes each ingredient harder to verify. Here's the breakdown, plus what independent lab tests find in KLOW and GLOW.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is LL-37? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsLL-37 is a natural immune peptide your body already makes. Its human trials are small and topical, and the biggest one missed its main goal. Here is how strong the evidence is for each claim, the risks, and what independent lab reports show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is ARA-290 (Cibinetide)? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA short peptide built from part of erythropoietin, designed to repair tissue without raising red blood cells. Its human data are small Phase 2 trials in nerve damage, with mixed results outside neuropathy. Here is how strong the evidence is and what lab reports show for vials sold as ARA-290.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Hexarelin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA six-amino-acid peptide that triggers a big, short growth hormone pulse. The human data is a handful of small studies, mostly single-session, and the one repeated-use study found the response fading. Here is what is and isn't established, plus what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin)? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA ghrelin-receptor peptide developed at Tulane University and Polygen. It is approved in Japan as a diagnostic for growth hormone deficiency, and that is the whole approved story. Here is what the human studies show about everything else, and what independent lab reports show (nothing yet).Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Mazdutide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved in China for weight management and type 2 diabetes, developed by Innovent Biologics in China under an exclusive license from Eli Lilly. Not FDA-approved. Here's what the published trials show and what lab testing finds in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Ipamorelin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA ghrelin-receptor peptide developed by Novo Nordisk in the 1990s. It has one published placebo-controlled human trial behind it — and it didn't beat placebo. Here's what FDA's own review found, plus what lab testing shows in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is CJC-1295? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA long-acting GHRH analog whose developer halted human trials in 2006 after a participant's death. Here's what the published pharmacology studies show, how 'with DAC' differs from 'without DAC,' and what lab testing finds in vials sold as CJC-1295.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Sermorelin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsOnce FDA-approved as Geref, discontinued by its manufacturer in 2008–2009, not for safety or effectiveness reasons, per FDA. Here's what the approved indications actually covered, what current use rests on, and what lab testing finds in vials sold as sermorelin today.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is KPV? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA three-amino-acid fragment of alpha-MSH with a growing mouse-and-cell-culture literature behind it and zero published human trials. Here's what's been shown, in which species, plus what lab testing finds in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is SS-31 (Elamipretide)? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane, developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics (now Mighty Therapeutics). FDA granted accelerated approval for one narrow use in 2025. Here's what that approval covers, what other trials found, and what lab testing shows in vials sold as SS-31.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Epitalon? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA four-amino-acid peptide with a large research record built almost entirely by one laboratory, plus one independent 2025 replication of its most-cited finding. Here's how to read that evidence honestly, and what independent lab tests find in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Semax? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic ACTH-fragment peptide developed in Moscow and included on Russia's list of vital and essential drugs. Almost all of the clinical evidence behind it is Russian, published in Russian, and largely unreplicated outside that research network. Here's what's actually been shown, plus what lab testing finds in vials sold as Semax.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is Selank? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic peptide built from tuftsin, developed at the same Moscow institute behind Semax and studied almost entirely within the same Russian research network. Here's what its main comparative human trial actually showed, what the animal data adds, and what lab testing finds in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is PT-141? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsBremelanotide is a rare case in this series: an FDA-approved drug, but only for one narrow indication in women. Here's what the approval actually covers, what the separate history of off-label male use looks like, and what independent lab tests find in vials sold as PT-141.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is tirzepatide? Benefits, evidence and what independent lab tests showTirzepatide is the most-tested compound in our database by a wide margin. Here's what it actually is, what the pivotal trials show, and what {{vv:Tirzepatide:vials|788}} independently tested vials say about the research-labeled version people are buying.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is retatrutide? Benefits, evidence and what independent lab tests showRetatrutide isn't approved by any regulatory agency — Lilly's own FAQ says so plainly. It's sold anyway, labeled for research use only. Here's what its trials actually show and what {{vv:Retatrutide:reports|193}} lab reports say about the vials people are buying.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is semaglutide? Benefits, evidence and what independent lab tests showSemaglutide was the drug that made GLP-1s a household name. Here's what it actually is, what the pivotal trials show, and what a small but very clean set of buyer-tested vials says about the research-labeled version.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is BPC-157? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide with a large rat-and-mouse literature behind it and only three published human studies. Here's what's actually been shown, in which species, plus what lab testing finds in vials sold under this name.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is TB-500? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsTB-500 is marketed as a piece of thymosin beta-4, a protein with real human trials behind it — but those trials tested the full protein, not the fragment sold as TB-500, which has no published human data of its own. Here's the distinction, and what independent lab tests find.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is GHK-Cu? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA copper-binding tripeptide with small human skincare studies behind it. Injecting it is a newer trend with no published human safety or efficacy data behind it. Here's the split, plus what independent lab tests find in vials sold as GHK-Cu.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is NAD+? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA coenzyme, not a peptide, and one that most cells can't even absorb intact. Here's what NAD+ actually does, what the trials on NAD+ and its precursors NR and NMN show, and what independent lab reports say about what's actually in the vial.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is cagrilintide? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsNovo Nordisk's amylin analogue, best known paired with semaglutide as CagriSema. Here's what its trials actually show, its FDA status, and what independent lab tests find in vials sold as cagrilintide.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is MOTS-C? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsA 16-amino-acid peptide your mitochondria make during exercise — not something dreamed up in a lab. Here's what the mouse studies found, why the human evidence is still mostly a correlation, and what independent lab reports show.Sep 29, 2026Peptide guidesWhat is tesamorelin? What it does, benefits and what the evidence showsFDA-approved as Egrifta for one specific use. Here's what the approved evidence covers, how far the off-label claims actually go, and what independent lab tests find in vials sold as tesamorelin.Sep 29, 2026